The role of periodic boundary forcing in plankton pattern formation

We consider one and two-dimensional minimal models in plankton dynamics. The influence of oscillating boundary forcing functions as agents for triggering pattern formation is discussed. In particular it is found that in these conditions population waves arise for one dimensional models, while for two dimensional models, different amplitudes and frequencies in the boundary forcing generate definite patterns, mimicking the boundary term. This happens even though the model we investigate is very simple. The emergence of these features is an interesting metaphor for the fundamental biological problem of how pattern formation processes may be inevitable in natural heterogeneous ecosystems.     

华北地区沙尘天气垂直气溶胶直接辐射强迫

利用CALIOP数据和SBDART（Santa Barbara DISORT Atmospheric Radiative Transfer）辐射传输模式研究了2013~2016年华北地区8d沙尘天气气溶胶及其直接辐射强迫垂直分布特征,分析了气溶胶垂直分布和光学特性对直接辐射强迫的影响.结果表明,气溶胶集中分布在地表及以上3km范围,其中纯净沙尘型和污染沙尘型气溶胶位于上层,污染大陆型气溶胶和烟雾位于下层.大气层顶、地表和大气层的日均气溶胶直接辐射强迫分别是-38.41~-88.44,-74.03~-225.86,9.06~137.42W/m².0~8km高度范围气溶胶直接辐射强迫是负值,且随着高度的增加绝对值逐渐减小.气溶胶垂直分布对大气层顶、地表和大气层的直接辐射强迫影响较小,但对直接辐射强迫垂直分布影响较大,由气溶胶廓线差异造成的同一高度层气溶胶直接辐射强迫最大差值能达到31.18W/m².气溶胶光学厚度和单次散射反照率对直接辐射强迫影响明显.消光能力相同时,吸收性气溶胶对短波太阳光的衰减作用大于散射性气溶胶,后向散射比例大的气溶胶大于后向散射比例小的气溶胶.     

内饰材料发射率对密封舱室热防护效率的影响

目的探究密封舱室热防护效率与其内饰材料表面发射率的关系,分析内饰材料发射率对其表面温度、舱室内温度的影响规律。方法采用自行设计的小型密封舱室和加热测量装置,对内饰材料表面及舱室内温度进行测量。结果当内饰材料发射率为0.09时,内饰表面温度为141.2℃,舱室内平均温度仅为90.8℃;内饰材料发射率为0.91时,内饰表面温度为124.4℃,舱室内平均温度为109.1℃。结论试样表面温度随材料发射率的提高而降低,舱室内部空气平均温度随材料发射率的提高而升高;试样表面温度与舱室空气平均温度的温度差随材料发射率的提高而减小;同时,相同试样表面温度与舱室平均温度的温度差随加热温度的提高而增加。     

中国硫酸盐气溶胶直接辐射效应数值模拟

硫酸盐气溶胶对地球系统能量收支平衡和全球气候变化有重要影响.本研究基于中国2007年二氧化硫排放清单,应用Can METOP、OPAC和SBDART模型,对中国硫酸盐气溶胶直接辐射效应及其空间分布和时间变化进行分析.结果表明,2007年中国硫酸盐气溶胶直接辐射效应全年波动范围在-9.1~0.0008 W·m~(-2)之间,全国年均值为-1.372 W·m~(-2),低于全球均值(-0.35 W·m~(-2)),其中华东地区最强为-5.017 W·m~(-2),西北地区最弱仅为-0.22 W·m~(-2),该空间分布主要受SO_2排放的空间差异及西风导致的向东溢出效应影响.同时,除华南之外的绝大多数地区夏季辐射效应最强、冬季最弱,这主要由SO_2向硫酸盐的转化率及相对湿度的季节差异决定.本研究有助于了解中国硫酸盐气溶胶及其气候效应的时空差异,对评估硫酸盐气溶胶的气候效应有重要意义.     

Greenhouse impacts of anthropogenic CH4 and N2O emissions in Finland

The Finnish anthropogenic CH₄ emissions in 1990 are estimated to be about 250 Gg, with an uncertainty range extending from 160 to 440 Gg. The most important sources are landfills and animal husbandry. The N₂O emissions, which come mainly from agriculture and the nitric acid industry are about 20 Gg in 1990 (uncertainty range 10–30 Gg). The development of the emissions to the year 2010 is reviewed in two scenarios: the base and the reduction scenarios.According to the base scenario, the Finnish CH₄ emissions will decrease in the near future. Emissions from landfills, energy production, and transportation will decrease because of already decided and partly realized volume and technical changes in these sectors. The average reduction potential of 50%, as assumed in the reduction scenario, is considered achievable.N₂O emissions, on the other hand, are expected to increase as emissions from energy production and transportation will grow due to an increasing use of fluidized bed boilers and catalytic converters in cars. The average reduction potential of 50%, as assumed in the reduction scenario, is optimistic.Anthropogenic CH₄ and N₂O emissions presently cause about 30% of the direct radiative forcing due to Finnish anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. This share would be even larger if the indirect impacts of CH₄ were included. The contribution of CH₄ can be controlled due to its relatively short atmospheric lifetime and due to the existing emission reduction potential. Nitrous oxide has a long atmospheric lifetime and its emission control possiblities are limited consequently, the greenhouse impact of N₂O seems to be increasing even if the emissions were limited somehow.     

中国地区人为热分布特征研究

利用中国统计年鉴中全国各省份的非再生能源消费资料和2.5min×2.5min分辨率的人口格点数据,对中国地区人为热排放的时空分布进行研究,讨论了其分布特征和影响因素.结果表明,中国地区人为热通量随时间持续增长,特别是在2000年后增长加速,1985年到2000年从0.09W/m2增长到0.16W/m2,而到2013年已经增长到0.38W/m2.中国地区的人为热排放具有显著的地域特征,在华北、华东和华南,由于人口密度大、经济发达,人为热的污染很严重;在华中地区,人为热污染较严重的区域主要分布在以武汉为中心的经济圈;在东北地区,以大连、沈阳、长春和哈尔滨为中心的城市区域人为热污染也较为严重;而在西北和西南的大部分地区,人为热排放量很小,仅在以成都、重庆为中心的区域较大.历年来全国年均人为热的最大值都出现在上海,其中2010年最大,为113.5W/m2,上海人为热排放的年均值增长明显,可达到0.6W/m2/a.随着城市化进程的加快,人为热的排放愈来愈强,热污染对城市和区域的气候以及空气污染的影响也会越来越重要.     

人为排放气溶胶引起的辐射强迫研究

利用建立的大气气溶胶辐射强迫模式,对我国历年大气气溶胶(TSP和硫酸盐气溶胶)引起的直接辐射强迫进行了计算,并给出其全国分布。得到了一些有意义的结果:我国大气气溶胶引起的辐射强迫与我国能源,特别是燃煤的消耗量密切相关,随着消耗量的增加,大气气溶胶(TSP和硫酸盐气溶胶粒子)引起的辐射强迫也增加;指出在利用辐射模式讨论大气气溶胶引起的直接辐射强迫时,不能忽视扬尘和沙尘的作用;我国由于大气气溶胶引起的直接辐射强迫主要集中在工业比较发达的城市或地区,四川盆地由于其特殊的地理位置和气候条件,在该地区因大气气溶胶产生的辐射强迫始终比较大。      

华北地区沙尘天气垂直气溶胶直接辐射强迫

利用CALIOP数据和SBDART（Santa Barbara DISORT Atmospheric Radiative Transfer）辐射传输模式研究了2013~2016年华北地区8d沙尘天气气溶胶及其直接辐射强迫垂直分布特征,分析了气溶胶垂直分布和光学特性对直接辐射强迫的影响.结果表明,气溶胶集中分布在地表及以上3km范围,其中纯净沙尘型和污染沙尘型气溶胶位于上层,污染大陆型气溶胶和烟雾位于下层.大气层顶、地表和大气层的日均气溶胶直接辐射强迫分别是-38.41~-88.44,-74.03~-225.86,9.06~137.42W/m².0~8km高度范围气溶胶直接辐射强迫是负值,且随着高度的增加绝对值逐渐减小.气溶胶垂直分布对大气层顶、地表和大气层的直接辐射强迫影响较小,但对直接辐射强迫垂直分布影响较大,由气溶胶廓线差异造成的同一高度层气溶胶直接辐射强迫最大差值能达到31.18W/m².气溶胶光学厚度和单次散射反照率对直接辐射强迫影响明显.消光能力相同时,吸收性气溶胶对短波太阳光的衰减作用大于散射性气溶胶,后向散射比例大的气溶胶大于后向散射比例小的气溶胶.     

平流层硫酸盐气溶胶辐射效应的模拟研究

平流层中的硫酸盐气溶胶在地球能量循环和全球气候变化中发挥着关键性作用.基于自主开发的矢量辐射传输模型,重点研究对流层气溶胶类型、平流层气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）、太阳天顶角（SZA）和地表反照率等对平流层硫酸盐气溶胶辐射强迫和大气加热速率等辐射效应的影响.结果表明,对流层无气溶胶时,平流层气溶胶在大气顶层（TOA）的辐射强迫为-15.80 W·m^-2,地气系统的冷却效应最大.对流层气溶胶为黑碳时,平流层气溶胶在大气底层（BOT）的辐射强迫最小,为-47.53 W·m^-2,地表冷却最大.同时,平流层硫酸盐的辐射强迫导致对流层 降温,平流层升温,在模拟条件下,最大升温可达0.6 K·d^-1.此外,结果还表明,平流层硫酸盐辐射强迫对AOD、SZA和地表反照率均具有很高的敏感性.平流层气溶胶在TOA和BOT的辐射强迫随AOD的增大呈线性减小趋势,但随地表反照率的增大呈线性增大趋势.AOD和SZA的增大会强化辐射强迫的作用效果,但地表反照率的增大可能会改变辐射强迫的正负,导致平流层硫酸盐对地气系统的作用效果从冷却变为加热.     

Aerosol optical properties and the mixing state of black carbon at a background mountainous site in Eastern China

In-situ measurements of aerosol optical properties were conducted at Mt. Huang from September 23 to October 28, 2012. Low averages of 82.2, 10.9, and 14.1 Mm~(-1) for scattering coefficient(σ_(sp, neph, 550)), hemispheric backscattering coefficient(σ_(hbsp, neph, 550)), and absorption coefficient(σ_(ap, 550)), respectively, were obtained. Atmospheric aging process resulted in the increase of σap, 550 but the decrease of the single scattering albedo(ω_(550)) at constant aerosol concentration. However, the proportion of non-light-absorbing components(non-BCs) was getting higher during the aging process, resulting in the increase of aerosol diameter, which also contributed to relatively higher σ_(sp, neph, 550) and ω_(550). Diurnal cycles of σ_(sp, neph, 550) and σ_(ap, 550) with high values in the morning and low values in the afternoon were observed closely related to the development of the planetary boundary layer and the mountain-valley breeze. BC mixing state, represented by the volume fraction of externally mixed BC to total BC(r), was retrieved by using the modified Mie model.The results showed r reduced from about 70% to 50% when the externally mixed non-BCs were considered. The periodical change and different diurnal patterns of r were due to the atmospheric aging and different air sources under different synoptic systems. Local biomass burning emissions were also one of the influencing factors on r. Aerosol radiative forcing for different mixing state were evaluated by a "two-layer-single-wavelength" model,showing the cooling effect of aerosols weakened with BC mixing state changing from external to core-shell mixture.